Marine ecosystems are characterized by a multitude of oceanic processes, including thermohaline circulation, ocean currents, tides, waves, upwelling, downwelling, turbulence, and vertical mixing, and undergo continuous transformation influenced by their physical attributes, geographic features, and climatic patterns. These complex and dynamic systems are shaped by physical, chemical, and biological interactions, exerting a substantial impact on marine biodiversity through sunlight (photosynthetically active radiation - PAR), primary productivity (PP), biogeochemical (BGC) properties, and nutrient cycles. This research is dedicated to studying biases and uncertainties in existing algorithms/models and developing advanced, efficient algorithms/models to estimate satellite-based PAR, PP, and BGC products and investigate climate-driven perturbations in regional and global oceanic waters. A novel parametrization, the extended sea-surface solar irradiance model, is introduced, incorporating correction factors derived from satellite reflectance data. This model significantly reduces biases, ensuring a more accurate estimation of PAR under both clear and cloudy conditions across the global ocean. The enhanced model improves the spatial and temporal consistency of PAR products, thereby facilitating better monitoring of marine PP. In addition, the research involves calculating the relative chlorophyll-specific and the maximum chlorophyll-specific carbon fixation rate within the water column. This detailed approach provides more accurate estimates of depth-resolved and depth-integrated PP in global oceanic waters, overcoming limitations in previous models. The study also assesses the impact of climate-driven perturbations on global ocean PP, offering valuable insights into the adaptive responses of marine ecosystems to environmental changes. Furthermore, machine learning-based Gaussian process regression models have been developed with optimal input parameters and a kernel function to estimate BGC properties, such as dissolved oxygen and macronutrients (nitrate, phosphate, and silicate) with high accuracy and reliability. Collectively, these studies significantly enhance our understanding of marine ecosystem dynamics, biogeochemistry, and their interactions with large-scale climate phenomena.