In the era of artificial cementing compounds, using nature’s gift “microbes” for cementation is an exciting field of research. Microbially Induced Calcite Precipitation (MICP) is one such technology that is emerging as a promising ground improvement method. MICP utilizes bacteria for calcium carbonate precipitation for binding the soil pores, thereby strengthening the soil. The advancement of this technology has been very rapid in the present days; however, our understanding of the effects of various bio-chemo-hydro-mechanical parameters on the process is still scarce. For the future field implementation of this technique, a comprehensive understanding and control over each parameter is required. The strength of bio-cemented soil, uniformity in cementation, and permeability changes depend on different biological, chemical, hydraulic, and environmental parameters. Interplay associated with soil and microbes’ geometric compatibility also plays a huge role in its application. This requires interdisciplinary research with a proper understanding of microbiology, chemistry, and soil mechanics. Assessment of the individual and coupled effect of bio-chemo-hydro-environmental factors is needed to identify optimum parameters for effective bio-cementation with desired strength and homogeneity. Control over various parameters and variables related to the bio-chemical reagents and their injection strategies, flow conditions, the medium in which it is to be deployed, and environmental conditions are to be investigated systematically. Furthermore, envisaging the application of MICP for erosion control, aqua ponds, carbon sequestration, etc., requires studying permeability changes during MICP as the number of injection cycles increases. Despite the challenges, MICP can become an environmentally friendly ground improvement technique. This work lightens the potential and opportunities in this field.